The Ministry of Health yesterday confirmed that several cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have been reported among children in the East-West corridor and central Trinidad and Tobago. This confirmation comes one day after head of the Accident and Emergency Department at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex (EWMSC) Dr Helmer Hilwig denied reports of an outbreak of the disease.

According to Dr Hilwig, patients, mainly children were showing up at the hospital with coxsackie virus which has similar symptoms to HFMD. However, in an advisory yesterday, the Health Ministry said the disease is usually a mild, short illness caused by a virus. It mainly affects children under ten years. Older children and adults may develop a milder form of the illness. Most children fully recover within a week and serious complications are rare. This disease is not related to the disease with a similar name which affects animals.

HFMD usually begins with a fever and sore throats are common. The symptoms are listed below:
• A non-itchy skin rash may develop. The rash usually appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; it may also appear on the buttocks and genital area.
• Small spots develop inside the mouth which turn into small mouth ulcers (sores). The sores are usually located on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks.

All symptoms may not be present and some children with the disease show no signs of the symptoms. Parents should consult a private doctor or go to the nearest health centre for advice. There is no specific treatment for the disease but fever and pain can be treated with over-the-counter medications. Do not give aspirin to children. Mouthwashes or sprays that numb pain can be used to lessen mouth pain.

Do not wrap up a feverish child. Keep the room or house cool by opening the window, or using a fan on the other side of the room to keep the air circulating. Keep children well hydrated by giving them lots of liquids. Cool slushy foods such as yogurt may be best to help sore mouths. Keep breast-feeding, as breast milk is the best fluid.

• Consult a doctor immediately if symptoms worsen.
• Consult a doctor if a child stops drinking due to a sore mouth as dehydration may develop in rare cases.
• Consult a doctor promptly if you are concerned about any unusual symptoms that develop.
The virus can be spread from one person to another by:
• Coughing and sneezing which transmits the virus into the air.
• Direct contact with infectious virus via nose and throat secretions, saliva, blister fluid and stool of infected persons.
• Unwashed, virus-contaminated hands and by contact with virus-contaminated surfaces.
Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of the illness, however, the virus can remain in the body for several weeks.
Good personal hygiene practice is the most important way to prevent the spread of the virus. No vaccine is available to protect against the viruses that cause the disease.
• Wash hands often and correctly, especially after changing diapers and after using the toilet.
• Cover nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing with a tissue or sneeze into your elbow. Throw tissue into a bin and wash hands.
• Clean shared

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 21, 2011 at 7:55pm

http://www.thanhniennews.com/2010/Pages/20111021-Hand-foot-mouth-de...

Hand-foot-mouth death toll rises to 130; no epidemic declared

Last updated: 10/21/2011 8:00

Children being treated for hand, foot and mouth disease at Quang Ngai General Hospital in the eponymous province

The hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak across Vietnam has not been declared a national epidemic despite the fact that it has claimed 130 lives and infected 71,472 people this year.

In September alone, 26,000 new HFMD cases and 31 deaths were reported. In the first half of October, 10,000 new cases and 16 deaths were reported.

Most of the HFMD cases are children. However, adults have also contracted HFMD while taking care of sick children.

Experts say HFMD had become an epidemic given the rising numbers of fatalities and infections in all 63 cities and provinces. But Vietnamese authorities have been hesitant to declare it a national epidemic.

Dr. Tran Tinh Hien, former deputy director of Ho Chi Minh City Hospital for Tropical Diseases, said the number of HFMD infections was higher than the number recorded during the influenza A (H1N1) outbreak two years ago.

Dr. Nguyen Tran Hien, chief of the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, said HFMD is definitely an epidemic given that it has spread to all cities and provinces in the country.

In late August, when the HFMD death toll hit 83 (out of 35,000 infections) in 52 cities and provinces, a Ministry of Health official told Thanh Nien the disease was still under control, therefore there was no need to declare it an epidemic.

Before that, in mid August, Health Minister Nguyen Thi Kim Tien told Ho Chi Minh City health authorities that an HFMD epidemic had broken out.

“Its status is no longer ‘at risk of breaking out’ as before, it has actually started,” Tien said.

However, much to the public’s surprise, the outbreak was never officially declared an epidemic.

On October 17, Minister Tien told Thanh Nien the HFMD outbreak would only be declared an epidemic if it spiraled out of control, adding that Vietnam had not declared the bird flu (H5N1) or swine flu (H1N1) outbreaks epidemics before.

“Although no announcement has been made, health authorities are taking the best measures to prevent an epidemic,” she said.

No announcement made

Nguyen Van Binh, chief of the Vietnam Administration of Preventive Medicine, told Thanh Nien that it is local authorities, not the Health Ministry, that are responsible for making announcements about epidemics.

Binh quoted regulations as saying that the ministry can announce a national epidemic only after at least two provinces do so locally.

Explaining why no localities have made the announcement, Binh said the number of infections has yet to exceed control thresholds established by authorities.

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 19, 2011 at 5:52pm: Outbreak of e-coli forces temporary closure of Limerick city creche

Wednesday 19 October 2011 03:00

AN outbreak of e.coli has forced the temporary closure of a Limerick creche, the HSE confirmed this Monday.

It is understood that parents were told to take their children out of the suburban childcare facility last Tuesday and they expect the doors to reopen later this week. Around six children are believed to be carrying the e.coli VTEC 026 infection although fewer are showing symptoms, which can include bloody diarrhoea.

Parents have been asked in recent days to send stool samples to the microbiology department of the Mid-Western Regional Hospital as the HSE investigates the outbreak.

This strain of the e.coli bacterium is commonly associated with contaminated water and food but can also be transmitted from person to person. The HSE has this week stressed that the creche concerned meets the regulatory standards.

“A number of linked cases of verotoxigenic e. coli (VTEC) O26 infection have occurred in a creche in Limerick. In order to break the cycle of transmission of this infection among the children and with the agreement of the creche management, the creche has closed pending screening of all of the children and staff there for VTEC. The HSE is satisfied that the creche is fully compliant with pre-school standards,” a HSE spokesman said.

“Children from this creche will not be able to attend any other childcare facilities until they have been cleared. It is hoped that the creche will be able to reopen soon but the Department of Public Health requests that employers facilitate the parents while they are unable to avail of childminding. Parents have been advised that should their child develop diarrhoea, especially bloody diarrhoea, they should seek medical attention from their general practitioner.”

The HSE said over 200 cases of this strain were reported nationally last year and rates of infection in the Mid-West were higher than average.

In up to 10 per cent of cases, VTEC can lead to a more serious condition known as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), which attacks the kidneys.

“The incidence of VTEC disease in Ireland is high in children under the age of five years as it is more easily spread between individuals in this age group. It usually requires no specific treatment other than ensuring plenty of fluids are taken,” the HSE said.

http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/outbreak_of_e_coli_forces_tempora...

Comment by Kojima on October 19, 2011 at 3:10pm: Map in connection with Starr's comment;

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 11, 2011

UNICEF fights “one of the worst ever” cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

West and Central Africa: Cholera (as of 12 Oct 2011)

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EP-2011-00...

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 18, 2011 at 5:27pm

http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vaccinates-9...

China vaccinates 9 million people in far western region amid polio outbreak

Tuesday, October 18, 8:34 AM

BEIJING — Chinese health authorities have vaccinated more than 9 million people in a far western region against polio amid an outbreak of the disease that has paralyzed 17 people and killed one of them.

China had been free for 11 years of the paralytic disease that mostly hits children before the first few cases were reported in July in Hotan prefecture in Xinjiang. The outbreak has exposed gaps in vaccination coverage in the remote region where access to quality health services is poor.

The World Health Organization says the polio strain detected in China had traveled from Pakistan, which borders Xinjiang and is one of four countries where the disease remains endemic. The other countries are India, Afghanistan and Nigeria.

“Overall, China, including in Xinjiang province, has good routine immunization coverage,” said Oliver Rosenbauer, a press officer for the WHO’s polio eradication drive in Geneva said Tuesday. But, he added, the virus has “a knack of finding any susceptible groups. Any chink in your armor, this virus is able to find.”

“It underscores the ongoing risk that endemic transmission continues to pose everywhere,” Rosenbauer said.

The Xinjiang Health Bureau said in a report on its website that the first round of vaccinations was administered last month over three periods to cover children and people aged 15 to 39 in Hotan and surrounding areas. It said this totals more than 9.3 million people.

The WHO said a genetic link had been confirmed between the wild poliovirus type 1 detected in China and a strain circulating in Pakistan. The agency says type 1 is more dangerous than type 3 because it is more likely to cause paralysis and spreads more easily. Type 2 polio has been eradicated.

The global health body says countries should strengthen their disease surveillance systems and travelers to Pakistan should be vaccinated against polio.

Since 1998, the World Health Organization and partners have been trying to get rid of polio. But progress has stalled in recent years and some have questioned whether polio can actually be eradicated.

Polio is a waterborne disease that mostly strikes children under five. To eradicate it, officials need to immunize more than 90 percent of children in the handful of countries where it still circulates.

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 18, 2011 at 5:45am: http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/10/17/health-ministry-confirms-...

Health ministry confirms cases of hand, foot and mouth disease

Published: Mon, 2011-10-17 23:45

The Ministry of Health yesterday confirmed that several cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have been reported among children in the East-West corridor and central Trinidad and Tobago. This confirmation comes one day after head of the Accident and Emergency Department at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex (EWMSC) Dr Helmer Hilwig denied reports of an outbreak of the disease.

According to Dr Hilwig, patients, mainly children were showing up at the hospital with coxsackie virus which has similar symptoms to HFMD. However, in an advisory yesterday, the Health Ministry said the disease is usually a mild, short illness caused by a virus. It mainly affects children under ten years. Older children and adults may develop a milder form of the illness. Most children fully recover within a week and serious complications are rare. This disease is not related to the disease with a similar name which affects animals.

HFMD usually begins with a fever and sore throats are common. The symptoms are listed below:
• A non-itchy skin rash may develop. The rash usually appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; it may also appear on the buttocks and genital area.
• Small spots develop inside the mouth which turn into small mouth ulcers (sores). The sores are usually located on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks.

All symptoms may not be present and some children with the disease show no signs of the symptoms. Parents should consult a private doctor or go to the nearest health centre for advice. There is no specific treatment for the disease but fever and pain can be treated with over-the-counter medications. Do not give aspirin to children. Mouthwashes or sprays that numb pain can be used to lessen mouth pain.

Do not wrap up a feverish child. Keep the room or house cool by opening the window, or using a fan on the other side of the room to keep the air circulating. Keep children well hydrated by giving them lots of liquids. Cool slushy foods such as yogurt may be best to help sore mouths. Keep breast-feeding, as breast milk is the best fluid.

• Consult a doctor immediately if symptoms worsen.
• Consult a doctor if a child stops drinking due to a sore mouth as dehydration may develop in rare cases.
• Consult a doctor promptly if you are concerned about any unusual symptoms that develop.
The virus can be spread from one person to another by:
• Coughing and sneezing which transmits the virus into the air.
• Direct contact with infectious virus via nose and throat secretions, saliva, blister fluid and stool of infected persons.
• Unwashed, virus-contaminated hands and by contact with virus-contaminated surfaces.
Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of the illness, however, the virus can remain in the body for several weeks.
Good personal hygiene practice is the most important way to prevent the spread of the virus. No vaccine is available to protect against the viruses that cause the disease.
• Wash hands often and correctly, especially after changing diapers and after using the toilet.
• Cover nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing with a tissue or sneeze into your elbow. Throw tissue into a bin and wash hands.
• Clean shared

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 14, 2011 at 3:40am: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/first-case-of-dengue-fever-report...

Dengue fever, a dangerous mosquito-borne illness that's widespread in the Caribbean but uncommon in the United States, is now here in Palm Beach County, public health officials said Thursday, after receiving confirmation that a local person was sick with the illness.

Health Director Dr. Alina Alonso issued a mosquito-borne illness advisory with the warning that standing water around homes should be eliminated, windows kept closed and screens repaired, and long sleeves and pants worn when outside. Insect repellent containing DEET or picaridin is recommended, she said.

Dengue is a viral illness carried most commonly by a daytime-biting household mosquito called the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It's a nuisance mosquito, one that tends to hitch rides on people as they go into their garages and homes.

Infection typically causes sudden onset of high fever three to 14 days after a bite from an infected mosquito. Aspirin-containing pain relievers should be avoided. Fever is a sign that people should seek medical attention right away.

Some people bit by an infected mosquito can fend off the illness without developing symptoms, while others can develop serious malaise, ranging from a week of fever and many weeks more of weakness, to more serious dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can cause death.

The severe illness is more commonly seen in people who have been infected multiple times with different strains. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention keeps a map of active dengue - www.healthmap.org/dengue/index.php - which shows the Bahamas is in the midst of a serious outbreak.

There are no medications available, only supportive care, nor is there a vaccine, said health department spokesman Tim O'Connor.

"It's definitely here, and people need to heed the advice and look around their homes, and do everything possible to prevent themselves from getting it," O'Connor said.

A Palm Beach County School District spokeswoman said games and after school activities are taking place as usual.

"We are working closely with the Health Department, but haven't been asked to take any action," said Vickie Middlebrooks of the school district.

The Palm Beach County resident became sick on Sept. 23, and as the illness grew worse, a physician sent the person to a local hospital on Sept. 27, O'Connor. The hospital did two initial tests, and a final test conducted at the state health lab confirmed on Wednesday that it was dengue, O'Connor said.

Palm Beach County Mosquito Control was notified late Wednesday, and targeted spraying and larviciding has begun, he said.

"They won't be doing mass aerial spraying," O'Connor said. "They are doing less spraying. But they work very closely with us and respond very quickly."

Gary Goode, an entomologist with the county's mosquito control division, said Thursday that the county is using trucks to spray the area where the case was confirmed. That location is not being released because of privacy issues, Goode said.

A helicopter will not be used to spray wide stretches of the county because the mosquitoes that carry dengue fever are typically found in containers, and not the swampy areas of the county's western section typically targeted by aerial spraying, Goode said.

"This is one that comes from around our houses," Goode said of the two types of mosquitoes in Palm Beach County that can carry the virus. "They like to live in bird baths, buckets and gutters."

Locally acquired dengue has also appeared in Martin and Miami-Dade counties this season, so the health department had alerted doctors and hospitals last month t

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 14, 2011 at 2:52am: http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/10/13/listeria-toll-rises-to-23-...

Listeria Toll Rises to 23 With Two Louisiana Deaths

Two more people in the United States have died from a listeria outbreak caused by tainted cantaloupes linked to a Colorado farm, bringing the death toll to 23 across 12 states, health officials said.

Deaths from the largest U.S. food-borne listeria outbreak in over two decades have now reached Louisiana where the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said two people had died. Deaths had previously been reported in Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming.

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 13, 2011 at 8:03pm: October 10, 2011

Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak on Greek Island?

The Guardian, Guardian

AP Photo

A cluster of cases of legionnaires' disease in people who have been to Corfu is being investigated by the Health Protection Agency (HPA).

The organisation said it was aware of nine cases of the disease in people between the ages of 39 and 79 who had travelled to different areas of the Greek island since August.

Read Full Article ››

http://www.realclearscience.com/2011/10/10/legionnaires039_disease_...

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 12, 2011 at 3:10pm: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15269441

India encephalitis outbreak kills 400, mainly children

By Soutik Biswas BBC News, Delhi

Viral encephalitis has killed hundreds of children in Uttar Pradesh over the last decade

More than 400 people, mainly children, have died in an outbreak of viral encephalitis in northern India, health officials say.

So far 2,300 patients have been admitted to a hospital in the affected Gorakhpur area of Uttar Pradesh state.

A doctor told the BBC that it was a "tragedy beyond imagination" with children dying every day.

Nearly 6,000 children have died of encephalitis in the hospital since the first case was detected in 1978.

Most of the deaths this year have happened since July, doctors say.

The disease occurs regularly during the monsoon in the Gorakhpur region bordering Nepal in the foothills of the Himalayas.

The low-lying areas are prone to floods and water-logging. Lack of sanitation provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes and leads to contamination of water supplies.

This happens because most people defecate in the open in villages of the area, while water is consumed mainly using shallow hand pumps.

'Tragedy'

Doctors say affected patients come from 10-12 districts in the region, and are mostly poor.

Until 2005, the majority of deaths were caused by Japanese encephalitis, caused by a mosquito-borne virus, doctors say.

But in the past six years, children have been dying of viral encephalitis, a water-borne disease caused by contaminated water.

Continue reading the main story
It is an unbelievable tragedy. Children are dying every day.”

Dr KP Kushwaha Pediatrician

Both the diseases cause head aches and vomiting and can lead to comas, brain dysfunctions, seizures and inflammations of the heart and kidney.

Doctors say children between the age of six months to 15 years are worst affected and most of the victims are poor people from rural areas.

"It is unbelievable tragedy. There are five to 10 children dying every day," Dr KP Kushwaha, head of paediatrics at the BRD Medical College, the only hospital treating patients, told the BBC.

Most of the 370 beds in the paediatrics and medicine departments at the hospital are overflowing with more than one patient occupying a bed, he said.

Comment by Starr DiGiacomo on October 11, 2011 at 8:03pm: UNICEF fights “one of the worst ever” cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa

DAKAR/GENEVA, 11 October 2011 – UNICEF is calling for a redoubling of efforts to combat cholera outbreaks that are claiming lives and affecting large numbers of people across West and Central Africa.

This year has seen more than 85,000 reported cases of cholera, resulting in 2,466 deaths. The size and scale of the outbreaks mean the region is facing one of the biggest epidemics in its history. In addition Case Fatality Rates (CFR) are unacceptably high, ranging from 2.3 per cent to 4.7 per cent and can reach much higher levels at district level in many countries (ranging from 1 per cent to 22 per cent in Cameroon for example). Children are more vulnerable to cholera, as they dehydrate faster, and malnourished children are especially at risk.

The most significant increases in 2011 are in Chad, Cameroon and in western Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In addition there are still challenges with getting access, ensuring staff presence in medical facilities and establishing surveillance systems to monitor cases and numbers in parts of North-East DRC.

There are three major cross border cholera epidemic outbreaks in West and Central Africa: the Lake Chad Basin (Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger), the West Congo Basin (DRC, Congo and the Central African Republic) and Lake Tanganyika (DRC and Burundi). Smaller cholera epidemics in Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Togo are under control.

UNICEF is providing treatment kits, conducting community awareness campaigns on hygiene and assisting with epidemiological surveys to ensure better targeting of control efforts. It is clear in this emergency that authorities can play a key role to save lives. Information exchange between cross- border districts on caseloads and population movements, as well as cross-border inspections for disinfection and chlorination are proven ways to contain the disease and save lives.

UNICEF calls upon governments to coordinate the preparation and response not only within their borders, but to ensure close collaboration with neighbouring countries. Cross-border coordination has to be encouraged at all levels, from the district to the national level.

http://www.unicef.org/media/media_60032.html

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Description
The Department of Health and Family Welfare has informed that it had received a message through telephone on 12th September 2011 of an outbreak of fever of unknown cause leading to three deaths at Poilwa village, Peren District. Immediately the State Rapid Response Team (RRT) of Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP), Nagaland, comprising of Dr. John Kemp (State Surveillance Officer), Dr. Sao Tunyi (Epidemiologist), Dr. Kevisevolie Sekhose (Epidemiologist), and Venezo Vasa (Entomologist) conducted an outbreak investigation at Poilwa village. The team collected three samples from suspected cases out of which all the three were tested positive for Scrub Typhus. Till date, there are 9 cases with 3 deaths. This was stated in a official press note issued by Dr. Imtimeren Jamir, the Principal Director, Directorate of Health & Family Welfare, Kohima. Scrub Typhus is Rickettsial disease caused Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by the bite of mite called Leptotrombidium deliense. In Nagaland, it was formerly detected by IDSP with Central Surveillance Team at Longsa village Mokokchung in 2006, and in Porba village of Phek District in 2007. The State RRT team carried out the outbreak investigation along with doing and entomological survey. The patients were treated with appropriate medicines and awareness and preventive measures were communicated with the villagers. The concerned local health authorities and programs are informed for further necessary action. The mop-up operation is being carried out by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program.
Biohazard name:	Typhus (Scrub)
Biohazard level:	3/4 Hight
Biohazard desc.:	Bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist, such as anthrax, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, SARS virus, variola virus (smallpox), tuberculosis, typhus, Rift Valley fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, yellow fever, and malaria. Among parasites Plasmodium falciparum, which causes Malaria, and Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes trypanosomiasis, also come under this level.
Symptoms:	- After bite by infected mite larvae called chiggers, papule develops at the biting site which ulcerates and eventually heals with the development of a black eschar. - Patients develop sudden fever with headache, weakness, myalgia, generalized enlargement of lymph nodes, photophobia, and dry cough. - A week later, rash appears on the trunk, then on the extremities, and turns pale within a few days. - Symptoms generally disappear after two weeks even without treatment. - However, in severe cases with Pneumonia and Myocarditis, mortality may reach 30% Diagnosis - The most commonly used test for diagnosis is Wel-Felix Test, which is available at State IDSP laboratory, Kohima. - More specific serological tests like detection of IgM can also be done for diagnosis.
Status:	confirmed

Description
Umatilla County health officials today confirmed a case of plague in an adult male county resident. He may have been infected while hunting in Lake County, noted Sharon Waldern, clinic supervisor for the county’s public health department. “Lake County had two cases of human plague last year.” The man has been hospitalized and is receiving treatment, Waldern noted. “People need to realize he was never considered contagious and he started treatment fairly quickly.” Plague is spread to humans through a bite from an infected flea. The disease is serious but treatable with antibiotics if caught early, officials said. Plague can be passed from fleas feeding on infected rodents and then transmitted to humans. Direct contact with infected tissues or fluids from handling sick or dead animals can pass the disease, as well as through respiratory droplets from cats and humans with pneumonic plague, officials said in a press release. Some types are spread from person to person, but that is not the case here, Waldern said. Symptoms typically develop within one to four days and up to seven days after exposure and include fever, chills, headache, weakness and a bloody or watery cough due to pneumonia, enlarged, tender lymph nodes, abdominal pain and bleeding into the skin or other organs. Plague is rare in Oregon. Only three human cases have been diagnosed since 1995 and they all recovered. Last year two human cases of plague were diagnosed in Lake County. As far as she knows, this is the first ever incident in Umatilla County. “In this recent case it is important to stay away from flea-infested areas and to recognize the symptoms. People can protect themselves, their family members and their pets,” said Genni Lehnert-Beers, administrator for Umatilla County Health Department. “Using flea treatment on your pets is very important, because your pets can bring fleas into your home.” People should contact their health care provider or veterinarian if plague is suspected. Early treatment for people and pets with appropriate antibiotics is essential to curing plague infections. Untreated plague can be fatal for animals and people. Antibiotics to prevent or treat plague should be used only under the direction of a health care provider. Additional steps to prevent flea bites include wearing insect repellent, tucking pant cuffs into socks when in areas heavily occupied by rodents, and avoiding contact with wildlife including rodents.
Biohazard name:	Plague (Bubonic)
Biohazard level:	4/4 Hazardous
Biohazard desc.:	Viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, H5N1(bird flu), Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and other hemorrhagic or unidentified diseases. When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a Hazmat suit and a self-contained oxygen supply is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomous detection system, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a Biosafety Level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release.
Symptoms:
Statu The Black Death: Bubonic Plague	confirmed http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/site/?pageid=event_desc&edis_id=EH...

Disease outbreaks will increase as per ZetaTalk

Chile battles youth unrest and typhoid fever outbreak

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague

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Outbreak of e-coli forces temporary closure of Limerick city creche

China vaccinates 9 million people in far western region amid polio outbreak

Health ministry confirms cases of hand, foot and mouth disease

Listeria Toll Rises to 23 With Two Louisiana Deaths

October 10, 2011

Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak on Greek Island?

India encephalitis outbreak kills 400, mainly children

UNICEF fights “one of the worst ever” cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa

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