Disease Control in the Aftertime

[Gerard Zwaan]

Water, sanitation, dry shelters and the daily work of protecting a community

Concept illustration of an Aftertime community. AI-generated illustration, not a construction or drainage plan.

Survival continues after the immediate danger has passed. Every meal, toilet visit, dressing change and bucket of water becomes part of the community's health system.

This guide connects the ZetaTalk Aftertime material with practical disease prevention: diarrheal illness, food poisoning, mold, fungal infections, respiratory disease, wounds, parasites and animal-related hazards. It develops the themes of the earlier water, toilets, laundry and personal-care blogs into one working community plan.

Planning assumption: deliveries, reliable electricity and outside medical care may not return. The lasting system must rest on protected water, waste containment, repairable equipment, dry shelter, food handling and shared skills. Soap is a production task. Disposable protection and medicines are finite resources. Each shortage needs an explicit fallback and an honest statement of the protection lost.

The central task: keep contamination away from mouths, lungs, broken skin, food and safe water. Recognize illness early and preserve enough people, supplies and energy to keep essential routines running.

How to use this guide

• Chapters 1-3: the Aftertime context, transmission routes and settlement layout.

• Chapters 4-7: water, toilets, waste, handwashing and laundry.

• Chapters 8-15: specific health risks and care needs.

• Chapters 16-18: outbreak response, durable preparation and daily checks.

• Sources: direct links to ZetaTalk, Pole Shift Ning and health guidance.

Research reviewed 30 September 2026. This is a prevention and preparedness guide, not a substitute for diagnosis or trained clinical care. Urgent illness still requires the fastest available medical help.

1. Why disease control belongs at the centre

A community can have shelter and food yet lose its ability to function when the cook, water operator and caregivers become ill together. Preparation therefore needs to protect the daily systems that prevent infection, alongside the supplies used to treat it.

What the ZetaTalk archives contribute

Sewage and water. The April 16, 2011 Q&A explicitly discusses surface water contaminated by sewage and open defecation, naming cholera, dysentery, hepatitis and polio. It also recommends distillation in the context of chemical contamination. This is a direct archive foundation for a broader disease-control article. [Z1]

Infrastructure failure. The May 3, 2014 Q&A connects damaged sewage plants, industrial tanks and flooding with unsafe surface water. Its emphasis on equipment that can fail when a single essential component becomes unavailable supports preparing simple systems with maintainable backups. [Z2]

Persistent dampness. Drizzle describes wet conditions that vary by location. Rebirth discusses rot, mold and the difficulty of growing crops in damp ground and reduced sunlight. The practical implication for this guide is to plan for dry bedding, drainage and protected food storage as continuing work. [Z3, Z4]

Small communities and waste. The June 21, 2008 GLP answer discusses outhouses and recycling human waste. It is a broad survival discussion, not a pathogen-treatment specification. Safe containment and verified treatment must come before agricultural reuse. [Z5, H4]

Finite supplies. Newsletter issues 761 and 972 revisit contaminated water, distillation and the eventual exhaustion of filters and bleach. These reinforce the need to preserve skills and replaceable equipment. [Z6, Z7]

The archive article Increasing Illness and Ning's Disease Outbreaks discussion supply additional ZetaTalk context about illness and changing conditions. They do not identify the cause of an individual patient's symptoms. A fever, rash or episode of diarrhea needs assessment on its own evidence. [Z8, N3]

The bridge to practical prevention

The Aftertime setting is drawn from ZetaTalk. The operating health measures below are drawn from public-health sources. Settlement routines and equipment arrangements are practical proposals built from those measures, not quotations attributed to the Zetas.

Cholera is caused by a bacterium, not a parasite. Dysentery describes bloody diarrheal illness and can have different causes. Mold exposure, fungal infection and food toxins are also different problems. Keeping those distinctions clear changes what action is useful. [H1, H6, H12, H13]

2. Follow the routes of transmission

Disease prevention becomes easier when people understand how an infection reaches its next host. A disaster increases opportunities for transmission. It does not make every infectious disease appear automatically. Local pathogens, infected people or animals, vectors and exposure conditions still matter. [H24]

Feces to mouth. Contaminated fingers, drinking water, food, utensils and flies can carry germs from toilets or waste into meals. Risks include cholera, shigellosis, some E. coli infections, hepatitis A and E, norovirus, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Safe water, toilets and handwashing interrupt this route. [H2, H3, H5, H7]

Air to lungs. Shared indoor air allows respiratory viruses to spread. Crowding, inadequate ventilation and delayed recognition of illness increase exposure. Clean air and separation of ill people are central protections. Wiping surfaces alone cannot control this route. [H15]

Skin, textiles and close contact. Ringworm can spread through contact and shared belongings. Scabies is caused by mites, not fungi, and usually requires coordinated treatment of the affected person and close contacts. Different causes can produce similar itching. [H13, H14]

Broken skin and contaminated water or soil. Cuts, punctures and burns need protection. Dirty wounds can lead to serious infection, and tetanus prevention depends on wound care and vaccination history. Contact with urine-contaminated floodwater creates a separate risk of leptospirosis. [H16, H17, H18]

Animals and insects. Rodent waste, bites and mosquito exposure need their own controls. Disease risk depends on which organisms and vectors are actually present. A future climate map cannot tell a community which infection caused a fever. [H18, H19, H20]

Food or chemical toxins. Some illnesses are poisonings rather than infections. Mycotoxins in food and industrial contaminants in water require source avoidance and appropriate controls. Antibiotics cannot fix poisoned food or contaminated drinking water. [H8, H12]

For each incident ask: What was the likely source? What route brought it to the person? Which barrier failed? Who else shared that exposure? These questions are more useful than calling every illness an epidemic.

Routes of exposure and the barriers that interrupt them. [H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16, H17, H18, H19, H20, H32]

3. Build a settlement that supports hygiene

Choose the site with drainage, water protection and waste handling in mind. A spring, a sheltered hollow and an empty building each need inspection. Examine flood marks, upstream pollution, unstable ground, runoff routes and the possibility that heavy rain could carry waste toward the water supply. [H3, H4]

Separate functions before building permanent structures

• Water collection and treatment: protect the source and keep raw-water equipment identifiable.

• Clean storage and food: provide covered drinking-water vessels, food preparation surfaces and a dry store.

• Sleeping and personal care: provide dry, ventilated accommodation and accessible washing facilities.

• Illness care: provide separate spaces for people with diarrhea and people with respiratory symptoms wherever possible.

• Toilets and dirty work: provide contained waste handling, laundry intake and a controlled disposal route.

These are functional divisions, not a fixed compass arrangement. Groundwater movement does not necessarily follow the visible slope. Airflow, runoff, access and the needs of residents must be assessed together. [H3, H4]

Clean supply: treated water and food.
Daily use: people, utensils and linen.
Contained waste: toilets and dirty handling.

Before returning to clean work: remove contaminated protection, wash hands, change soiled clothing and use clean tools.

Functional workflow only. Assess drainage, groundwater and airflow for the actual site.

Test the layout with an ordinary task

Imagine a caregiver emptying a commode, then helping someone drink. Where is the dirty container put down? Where is protective equipment, if available, removed? Where are hands washed? Can the caregiver reach the clean cup without touching a contaminated door or handle?

Now follow a waste carrier, a cook and a wheelchair user through the same space. Correct the crossings before the settlement fills up. Use simple labels and symbols, and physically separate tools rather than relying on everyone remembering which bucket was used yesterday.

Provide stable approaches, suitable seats, handholds, privacy and a way to call for help. A toilet that someone cannot reach creates an immediate care and sanitation problem. Include nighttime access without carrying open waste through food areas. [N1]

A functional workflow for clean supplies, daily care and dirty handling. Site planning must assess drainage, groundwater, airflow and accessibility. [H3, H4, H5, H10]

4. Safe water is a complete chain

The earlier Water in the Aftertime blog describes source selection, pretreatment, distillation and protected collection. This guide adds the disease-control consequence: water must remain safe until it reaches the person. A clean output can be contaminated again by hands, hoses, cups or storage vessels. [N2, H8, H9]

Maintain distinct water streams

Drinking and care water: use water suitable for consumption for drinking, cooking, oral rehydration, brushing teeth and preparing infant feeds. Use safe water or appropriate sterile products for wound care as indicated. Keep the clean supply clearly identified. [H9, H10, H16]

Utility water: choose treatment and uses according to source hazards. Water used for cleaning must not recontaminate hands or equipment. Visibly cleaner water, warm condenser water and rainwater are not automatically suitable for washing a wound or preparing food. [H8, H9, H10]

Wastewater: contain and route it separately. Toilet waste, washing from diarrheal care and chemical residues must never drain toward the water source.

Know the limits of each process

Boiling kills infectious organisms but does not remove heavy metals or most chemical contamination. For microbiologically unsafe water without suspected chemical contamination, CDC specifies a rolling boil for one minute, or three minutes above 6,500 feet, about 1,980 metres. Cool covered. This is an emergency microbial treatment, not a replacement for the broader contamination controls in the Aftertime water plan. [H9]

Distillation removes germs and many dissolved contaminants, including lead. Some volatile chemicals can pass through, and a poorly maintained condenser can contaminate the output. Avoid fuel- or solvent-contaminated sources and unknown industrial runoff. [H8]

A cloth or improvised sand filter is pretreatment, not proof of safe drinking water. Ordinary chlorine disinfection is unreliable against Cryptosporidium. Product capabilities and instructions matter. [H7, H9]

Budget water for hygiene as well as thirst

WHO uses at least 15 litres per person per day as an emergency planning baseline to establish as soon as possible. It covers basic domestic needs, not drinking alone, and is not an individual drinking prescription. Illness, heat, laundry and care can increase demand. For 20 people that baseline is 300 litres daily. Plan production, transport, treatment and storage accordingly. [H2]

Assign a water steward and a backup. Record batches and problems, clean containers, use pouring or taps instead of shared dipping, and inspect the source after heavy rain or ground movement.

Protect water through the entire chain. Treatment must match the source hazards. [H8, H9, H10]

5. Toilets, feces and the limits of composting

Every toilet needs a complete destination for its contents: containment, safe servicing, transport where needed, treatment and final disposal or controlled reuse. A covered bucket is useful containment. It is not treatment. [H4]

Match the system to the ground

Do not keep flushing into a damaged sewer or failed septic system. Where pits are appropriate, site them with sanitation expertise and protection of water sources in mind. WHO cholera guidance gives a 20-30 metre separation from drinking-water sources; use the more conservative end as an initial screening distance, never as a siting approval. A distance alone is not a guarantee. Fractured rock, permeable soil, high groundwater and flooding can carry contamination farther. Avoid pits in saturated or flood-prone ground. [H3, H6]

Raised or container-based systems may be more suitable when digging is unsafe. They require leak-resistant receptacles, stable seats, lids or closures appropriate to the design, spare capacity and an actual removal route. Never enter a pit, septic tank or waste-storage chamber. Toxic gases and oxygen deficiency can kill.

An operating toilet has a daily routine

• Maintain handwashing water and a soap supply or production plan; if soap runs out, apply the limited fallback in Chapter 7.

• Clean seats, handles and contaminated surfaces; deal with spills promptly.

• Exclude flies and prevent overflow or rainwater entry.

• Use dedicated tools and protective clothing for servicing.

• Record when a container or pit needs attention, before it becomes unusable.

• Include children's stools, diapers and commodes in the same sanitation plan.

Human waste is not ordinary garden compost

The GLP archive discusses using waste as fertilizer, and older Ning discussions describe bucket composting. Those descriptions do not establish that a particular batch is safe. Storage time, temperature, moisture, treatment conditions and the pathogen involved all affect survival. [Z5, N4, H4]

Do not apply untreated feces or casually aged toilet contents to food beds, mushroom substrates, worm feed intended for food production, fish ponds or raw-eaten crops. Cover material controls exposure and odor; adding it does not certify pathogen destruction. Keep ordinary plant compost separate from human waste.

Where verified treatment cannot be maintained, the safer priority is secure containment and a site-appropriate disposal arrangement. Save nutrients only when the entire sanitation chain can be controlled. Food scarcity makes contaminated harvests especially costly.

6. Waste, greywater and the dead

Waste management begins where waste is produced. Separating it early avoids turning useful salvage and clean plant material into contaminated mixed rubbish.

Give each stream its own route

Food scraps and plant residues: collect in covered containers, remove from food areas promptly and compost only suitable materials in a controlled area. Keep rodents and scavenging animals out.

Human waste and heavily soiled care materials: contain through the sanitation system. Keep diarrhea-related waste separate from ordinary clean recycling. A thin bag alone is vulnerable to puncture and leakage.

Sharps: put used needles and blades directly into a designated puncture-resistant, closable container. Keep it upright, secure and away from children. Do not recap needles, hand-sort the contents, crush containers or send them into the salvage stream. [H21]

Chemicals, batteries and concentrated residues: segregate and label them. Protect them from weather and keep them away from wells and food production. The concentrated residue from a water still also needs a disposal plan based on its contaminants. [H8, H21]

Greywater is not automatically harmless

Water from washing can contain microbes, grease and chemicals. Water from laundering fecally contaminated items needs particularly careful handling. Keep it away from drinking sources, play areas and food surfaces. Do not spray untreated greywater onto crops or create puddles around shelters. Any infiltration or reuse system needs suitable soil, drainage and a health-risk assessment. [H4]

Open burning of mixed or medical waste can release hazardous smoke and does not provide reliable treatment of every item. A household fire is not a medical incinerator. Choose controlled waste arrangements and trained advice where available. [H21]

Handle the dead with care and dignity

Bodies of people killed by trauma do not ordinarily cause epidemics merely through decomposition. Specific infections, including cholera, require additional precautions; body fluids and contamination of water also matter. Use trained handling where possible, protective equipment, identification records and appropriate burial arrangements that protect water sources. Avoid rushed anonymous disposal driven by fear. [H22]

The community should have an agreed place, responsible people and basic materials for this work. Grieving families need information and respect alongside health protection.

Five waste streams require separate handling and a planned route to treatment or disposal. [H3, H4, H21]

7. Handwashing when supplies run down

Build the routine around a dependable water supply, a simple dispenser, locally maintainable washing materials and drainage. Soap production belongs beside food, fuel and water in the community work plan.

The everyday arrangement

Use a poured stream or foot-operated tipping container rather than a shared wash bowl. Place it at toilets, food preparation and care spaces, reachable from a seated position. Keep its outlet clear of dirty hands and containers. Supply a draining soap holder and either clean personal drying cloths or space to air-dry hands. Maintain the route for used water. [H10]

Wash after toileting, changing diapers, handling waste and diarrheal care; before preparing or eating food and before clean care tasks. Scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds. [H5, H41]

What is available determines the method

Soap and water available: ordinary plain soap is sufficient for routine community handwashing. Antibacterial branding is unnecessary. Cold water can be used; heating handwashing water is not needed for effectiveness. [H43]

If soap is unavailable: rub hands thoroughly under the cleanest available poured or running water, then air-dry or use a clean cloth. Water alone removes some germs but is less effective than soap. Avoid chemically contaminated water. Restore soap provision as a priority. [H43]

Reduce what reaches hands in the first place

Use dedicated scoops, lids, ladles, toilet tools and serving utensils. Make handles easy to clean. Keep waste handling separate from food preparation, with a change of task only after hand cleaning and changing soiled clothing. These are proposed practical barriers; they do not make unwashed hands safe for food or wound care.

Conserve soap by keeping it dry between uses and preventing loss in mud or communal wash bowls. Conserve water with controlled pouring. Do not make a shortage worse by skipping handwashing after toilet or waste work. If washing water is unavailable, avoid unnecessary direct contact with ready-to-eat food or wounds and urgently restore a washing supply. There is no equally effective dry substitute to promise.

Cleaning and laundry: Chapter 7 continued

Physical cleaning continues when disinfectant runs out

Separate dirt removal from disinfection. Cleaning can remove contamination; disinfection requires an effective product or a validated process. Where a suitable product remains, follow its dilution, surface suitability and contact time. Never mix bleach with acids, ammonia or other cleaners, and never use surface disinfectant on skin. [H42]

Low-supply operating plan: contain spills promptly, restrict access, remove contamination with dedicated tools and keep kitchen equipment out of dirty work. Use soap or detergent where available. If neither remains, physical washing is still worthwhile but its limitations increase. Mark tools that remain contaminated and keep them within that dirty task. Washing does not establish disinfection, especially after vomit or diarrheal stool.

Reserve effective disinfectant for tasks where it changes the risk most, such as infectious spills and affected care surfaces. A shortage is not a reason to use a weaker-than-required dilution. If a safe process is unavailable, withdraw the affected item or close the area where feasible. Reopening a contaminated space simply because it looks clean can restart transmission. This is a scarcity plan, not a guarantee of decontamination.

Gloves and tools are different protections

Reusable household utility gloves can support dirty cleaning while intact and appropriately decontaminated. Keep them assigned to that task. They are not a substitute for sterile medical gloves. If protective gloves are unavailable, use long-handled tools, closed containers and less direct handling; these reduce opportunities for exposure but do not remove the risk. Wash hands after glove removal. [H5]

Laundry is a water, fuel and drying problem

Keep dirty intake apart from washed textiles. Do not shake soiled fabric. Contain feces and vomit through the toilet-waste route. Keep the affected person's linen separate while it is being handled and washed. [H5]

Without machines, plan small batches, dedicated washing vessels, mechanical washing, thorough rinsing and complete drying. Correctly made laundry soap may replace purchased detergent for ordinary washing, but does not by itself disinfect infectious linen. Choose washable fabrics and enough spare layers that a person is not returned to wet bedding.

Use a documented heat process only where the material, fuel supply and ability to achieve its required time and temperature permit it. A warm soak, a brief boil or smoky drying is not a universal disinfection method. Keep visibly contaminated care linen out of general circulation until a suitable process is possible; avoid creating an accumulating open pile beside sleeping areas.

Roofed racks, airflow and thin replaceable layers remain useful without grid power. Drying fuel must compete with cooking and water treatment. Do not rely on strong sunlight in the prolonged damp conditions described in the Aftertime material. [Z3, H11]

8. Diarrhea: cholera and the wider picture

Cholera can cause rapid, life-threatening dehydration. Other diarrheal infections may involve fever, blood, abdominal pain or prolonged symptoms. A shared meal, dirty hands or a contaminated water vessel can expose many people. Symptoms alone do not identify the organism. [H1, H2, H5]

Recognize several groups: bacterial illness such as cholera, salmonellosis, shigellosis and some E. coli infections; viruses such as norovirus; and parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Typhoid and hepatitis A and E also belong in fecal-contamination prevention, although their illness patterns differ from acute gastroenteritis. [H1, H2, H7]

Act on the first serious case

Start rehydration promptly, move the person to a supported care space, contain stools and vomit, and seek medical help. Stop them preparing food or handling clean-water supplies. Check for other cases and inspect shared water and meals without waiting for laboratory confirmation. [H1, H5]

Prefer packaged oral rehydration salts. Mix each packet with exactly the volume of safe water stated on that packet. Different packets make different volumes. Do not add extra sugar or divide powder by eye.

Emergency fallback when packets are unavailable: dissolve 6 level measuring teaspoons of sugar and 1/2 level measuring teaspoon of salt in exactly 1 litre of safe drinking water. Use a standard 5 mL measuring teaspoon, not an arbitrary spoon. Measure accurately; excess salt is dangerous. This fallback lacks the complete electrolyte formulation of packaged ORS. [H6, H25]

Keep covered, label the preparation time and discard after 24 hours, or sooner if contaminated. Offer small frequent sips to someone awake and able to swallow. Continue breastfeeding and age-appropriate food as tolerated. Do not force oral fluids into a drowsy person who cannot swallow safely. [H6, H25, H26]

Urgent danger signs: inability to drink, persistent vomiting preventing replacement, very little urine, marked weakness, confusion, drowsiness, bloody diarrhea or severe deterioration. Infants and frail adults need early assessment. Severe dehydration may require intravenous treatment. [H1, H6]

Do not distribute antibiotics to everyone as prevention. They are not appropriate for every cause of diarrhea. For suspected norovirus, exclude food handlers and caregivers from those duties until at least 48 hours after symptoms stop; other diagnosed infections may require different clearance. [H1, H5]

9. Food safety without dependable refrigeration

The WHO food-safety framework covers clean handling, separation of raw and cooked food, thorough cooking, safe temperatures and safe ingredients. In a small settlement, these principles need a work schedule and clear responsibility. [H27]

Organize the kitchen around same-day use

Prepare manageable quantities and serve promptly. Keep raw meat, fish and their juices away from ready-to-eat food. Use separate utensils or fully clean and sanitize between tasks. Protect meals from flies and keep animals out of preparation and storage areas.

WHO advises keeping chilled food below 5°C and hot food above 60°C, and not leaving cooked food at room temperature for more than two hours. A cool-looking cellar or evaporative cooler is not proven refrigeration. Use a thermometer. When safe holding cannot be maintained, cook smaller batches and discard unsafe leftovers rather than repeatedly reheating them. [H27]

Food can be unsafe without smelling spoiled. Fermentation, smoking, salting, drying and canning each require a tested method suitable for the food. A jar that seals is not proof of safe preservation. Keep verified instructions and appropriate equipment; do not improvise preservation of low-acid foods. [H28]

Treat moldy food differently from a moldy wall

Some molds produce mycotoxins, which may persist through food processing. Scraping visible mold off bread, porridge or stored grain does not demonstrate that the remaining food is safe. Do not dilute suspect grain into a larger batch, or assume cooking or feeding it to livestock solves the problem. Some toxins can enter animal products. [H12]

Dry harvested foods adequately before storage. Use small identifiable batches, keep them off damp floors and inspect for leaks, condensation, insects and mold. Do not seal damp grain in a container. Reserve a clean scoop for each store and record the source and date.

Cultivated edible mushrooms are a separate food-production activity. Keep their humid growing area away from dry stores and sleeping quarters. Use known edible species and controlled substrates. Unknown wild fungi, molds growing on food and mold used in laboratory drug production are not interchangeable resources. [H12, H29]

10. Damp shelters and environmental mold

ZetaTalk's drizzle and crop-rot discussions make moisture management a central Aftertime planning issue. The practical aim is to stop water entry, remove indoor moisture and keep people and stored materials dry. [Z3, Z4]

Design for inspection and drying

Repair roof leaks; direct runoff away from the structure; keep beds and stores off the ground; leave access behind furniture; and provide sheltered ventilation. Separate wet clothing and cooking steam from sleeping spaces where possible. A structure can shed rain yet still develop condensation inside.

EPA recommends drying water-damaged materials within 24-48 hours where possible, keeping relative humidity below 60%, ideally 30-50%, and correcting the source of moisture. These are useful targets, not promises that damp Aftertime shelters can always meet them. [H11]

If the building cannot stay dry, prioritize one dry sleeping and care area, rotate bedding through the drying space, reduce crowding and consider moving out of persistently contaminated rooms. A daily check should include mattress undersides, roof joints, cold walls, food stores and enclosed cupboards.

Respond to mold safely

Mold can trigger irritation, allergy and asthma. People with weakened immunity or chronic lung disease can face more serious risks, including fungal infections. Colour alone does not identify toxicity or the appropriate response. [H30]

Remove vulnerable residents from the affected area. Mold cleanup requires gloves, eye protection and at least a suitable well-fitting N95-type respirator. These are finite supplies. Without suitable protection, prioritize stopping moisture and moving people to a drier usable space; postpone dust-producing stripping or demolition. A cloth over the face does not replace a respirator. People with significant allergies, immune suppression or lung disease should not do mold cleanup. Extensive damage needs stronger controls. [H31]

Clean suitable hard surfaces and dry them completely. Moldy absorbent materials may need removal. Do not paint over contamination, dry-brush it into occupied air or simply spray bleach and leave the material in place. EPA emphasizes physical removal and moisture control; dead mold can still cause reactions. [H11]

Keep cleanup dust away from food and occupied rooms. Reinspect after the next rain. If growth returns, the moisture problem remains unresolved.

Heating must be safe. Do not use charcoal, generators or unvented outdoor cooking equipment inside a shelter to dry it. Combustion gases can kill, and some heaters add moisture. [H11, H32]

Building mold, food toxins and fungal skin infections call for different responses. [H11, H12, H13, H14, H30, H31, H40]

11. Fungal infections, scabies and skin damage

Mold in a building is not the same condition as athlete's foot. Ringworm is a fungal infection, despite its name. Scabies is a mite infestation. Wet, irritated skin may have no infection at first, yet can become damaged and vulnerable. Diagnosis matters. [H13, H14]

Keep skin and clothing serviceable

Provide a daily opportunity to inspect feet, dry between toes, change damp socks and underwear, and dry footwear. Avoid sharing towels, shoes and personal care items. Give each person a labelled set and enough time in the drying area. Keep communal washing floors clean and use suitable footwear. [H13]

For people who cannot reach their feet or skin folds, include this task in personal care. Seek permission, preserve privacy and explain what is being checked. Prolonged wet clothing should trigger an equipment or workload change, not criticism of the person wearing it.

Treat the cause, not every rash the same way

Localized fungal skin infections often require an appropriate antifungal product. Follow the label and obtain professional advice for uncertain or persistent rashes. Scalp and nail infections may need different treatment. Steroid creams can worsen or conceal ringworm; do not use them on a suspected fungal rash unless advised by a clinician. [H13]

Spreading redness, warmth, swelling, pus, increasing pain or fever requires assessment for bacterial infection or another complication. A rash under an incontinence pad can be irritation, fungal involvement or both. Cleaning and drying help, but do not establish a diagnosis. [H16, H23]

Candida yeast can cause oral thrush and vaginal infections through overgrowth of organisms already present in the body. These are not evidence that someone caught mold from the walls. Persistent symptoms need assessment and an appropriate antifungal; invasive fungal disease in seriously ill or immunocompromised people needs urgent specialist care. [H40]

Scabies needs coordinated action

Treat affected people and close contacts together according to medical guidance. Wash recently used clothing and bedding as directed. CDC advises hot washing and hot drying; items that cannot be washed may be sealed in a bag for several days to a week. This is scabies-specific advice, not a universal treatment for contaminated belongings. [H14]

Avoid insecticide spraying of people or indiscriminate use of household chemicals. Itching can persist after successful treatment, so repeated medication without reassessment can create further skin problems.

Never use moldy bread or homemade mold extracts as antibiotics. Unknown species, toxins, contamination and uncontrolled dose make this unsafe. Preserve legitimate medicines and clinical knowledge instead.

12. Respiratory infection and shared air

Cold or wet weather may push people into the same enclosed space. A shelter plan therefore needs a way to provide warmth while reducing shared-air exposure.

Bring in fresh outdoor air when outdoor conditions permit, use sheltered outdoor areas for gatherings, and reduce crowding. Where electricity and suitable equipment survive, air filtration can supplement ventilation. Airflow should not carry a sick person's exhaled air directly across other beds. [H15]

Care for the sick without abandoning them

Give a coughing or feverish person a separate, ventilated care space if available. Provide bedding, food, water, regular checks and communication. Use suitable well-fitting masks during close contact while available and tolerated. Protect those at greater risk and arrange medical assessment early when illness is worsening. [H15, H33]

Do not put everyone with any symptom into one crowded sick room. A person with diarrhea and a person with a cough may expose each other to different infections. Separate by symptom pattern while pursuing a diagnosis, and use dedicated equipment where practical.

Respiratory viruses, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, smoke irritation and mold-related symptoms require different responses. A persistent cough, especially with weight loss, night sweats or blood, warrants assessment for tuberculosis or another serious illness. Measles is also a concern where susceptible people crowd together. Neither should be managed as an ordinary short cold. [H34, H35]

When masks and filters are no longer available

Rely more heavily on separated sleeping spaces, sheltered outdoor contact, reduced crowding and ventilation that does not direct exhaled air across another person. Maintain warmth with clothing and dry bedding while ventilating. Cloth masks offer less protection than respirators and should not be presented as equivalent replacements. Keep the best remaining suitable protection for unavoidable close care. [H15, H45]

Protect breathing through preparation

Review routine vaccinations with a healthcare professional while services are available, including locally recommended respiratory and childhood vaccinations. Keep vaccination records with medical information. An evacuation or communications plan should identify how the community can request treatment, testing or public-health assistance. [H33, H34, H35]

Emergency signs include difficult or rapidly worsening breathing, blue or grey lips, chest pain, new confusion or reduced alertness. Seek the fastest available clinical help. Do not assume fever is necessary for a serious infection. [H23, H33]

Keep smoke-producing work away from sleeping and care spaces. Masks used against particles do not make carbon monoxide exposure safe. Preserve safe heating, flues and working carbon-monoxide alarms wherever possible. [H32]

13. Wounds, tetanus and sepsis

Salvage work exposes people to sharp metal, glass, splinters, bites, burns and contaminated ground. Preventing these injuries protects both the worker and the limited capacity of the care team.

Use suitable gloves and footwear, improve lighting, cover sharp edges and provide a clean place for first aid. Check minor injuries early rather than waiting until the end of several days of work. If protective equipment has failed, change the salvage task or use a safer method before accepting repeated cuts as unavoidable.

Basic wound protection

Clean minor wounds promptly with safe running water or an appropriate wound-cleaning product. Use a sterile dressing when available; if none remains, a freshly washed, thoroughly dried clean cloth can serve as a temporary cover. It is not sterile. Replace it when wet or dirty and keep the wound under observation. Keep them out of floodwater and inspect them regularly. Do not put ash, soil, mold, bleach or unverified herbal preparations into wounds. Deep punctures, bites, retained objects, major burns and heavily contaminated injuries need clinical assessment. [H16]

Tetanus risk comes from environmental spores entering a wound; rust itself is not the cause. CDC's wound guidance bases protection on the injury and vaccination history. For a completed primary series, a booster may be needed at five years for dirty or major wounds, compared with ten years for clean minor wounds. Unknown or incomplete vaccination histories require assessment, and some injuries also require tetanus immune globulin. Antibiotics do not substitute for tetanus prevention. Neither a homemade remedy nor boiling a wound replaces vaccination or immune globulin. When these are unavailable, that protection is lost; prevention before disruption and avoiding contaminated injuries become more important. [H17]

Recognize dangerous deterioration

Increasing pain, spreading redness, swelling, discharge or fever needs prompt reassessment. Rapid progression or pain much worse than expected is especially concerning. Exposure of a wound to coastal or brackish water should be reported because it changes the possible infections. [H16]

Sepsis is a life-threatening reaction to infection. Warning signs can include confusion, extreme discomfort, shortness of breath, clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and fever or feeling unusually cold. It can begin with a lung, urinary, skin or gut infection. Seek urgent medical care. [H23]

Keep the limits of improvised care clear

Cleaning ordinary equipment is not the same as sterilizing instruments for invasive procedures. A pot of boiling water does not establish surgical sterility. Avoid improvised surgery, unsterile injections and reuse of single-use needles. Preserve sterile supplies for their intended purposes and involve trained professionals. [H21]

Record the injury, time, exposure, care provided, allergies and medicines. This record helps a clinician when transport or communication becomes possible.

14. Rodents, insects, animals and parasites

Food stores, waste piles and standing water can sustain pests close to people. Control starts with the environment and continues with personal protection.

Rodents

Keep food and waste in sound closed containers; repair entry holes; reduce clutter and inspect stores. Use traps in protected locations that do not injure children, pets or residents.

Do not dry-sweep or vacuum rodent droppings. CDC advises gloves, wetting contamination with a suitable disinfectant, allowing the specified contact time, and wiping it up before cleaning the area. Ventilate enclosed buildings before work. Heavy infestation requires additional respiratory protection and trained help. Where appropriate cleanup cannot be done, restrict access rather than stirring contaminated dust. [H19]

Floodwater and animal urine

Leptospirosis can follow contact with contaminated water or soil. Avoid unnecessary wading, cover cuts and use waterproof protective footwear and clothing when exposure cannot be avoided. Tell a clinician about floodwater and animal exposure if illness develops. [H18]

Mosquitoes, flies and ticks

Cover water storage and remove unnecessary standing water from cans, tyres and other containers. Maintain screens and bed nets. Nets can also protect people resting during the day, when some mosquito species bite. Use approved repellents according to the label and check exposed skin after outdoor work. Risk of malaria, dengue or other vector-borne disease depends on local transmission, not dampness alone. [H20]

Keep flies away from feces and food through containment and screens. Do not put pesticides into drinking-water containers or improvise their use on skin. Seek local public-health guidance for vector control.

Intestinal parasites and animal work

Safe toilets, safe drinking water, clean food handling and footwear reduce exposure to soil-transmitted worms. Deworming is not one universal treatment for every parasite; regional programmes and individual illness need appropriate medicines and advice. [H36]

Keep livestock and their manure out of clean-water and kitchen zones. Separate animal-care tools from food equipment. Do not handle or eat animals found dead from an unknown cause. Wash promptly after bites and obtain urgent assessment, including rabies risk where relevant. [H37]

Record unusual animal deaths or increases in biting insects alongside human illness, without assuming one caused the other.

A broader prevention plan includes air, skin, wounds, vectors, food and everyday care. See Chapters 9-15.

15. Personal care is part of infection prevention

The system must work for people who cannot fetch water, stand at a basin, communicate discomfort easily or reach a toilet unaided. A facility is only useful if residents can actually use it.

Incontinence, disability and reduced mobility

Provide reliable assistance, absorbent materials, safe transfers and a private place to wash and change. Keep clean stock apart from used items. Clean and dry skin gently, inspect pressure areas and use an individualized repositioning and pressure-relief plan. New persistent discolouration, heat, pain or broken skin needs assessment. Pressure injuries can deepen and become infected. [H38]

Plan for commode servicing and the cleaning of wheelchair handrims, handles and frequently touched equipment after contamination. Do not move a soiled care cloth onto a dining table or reuse it for another person. Keep assistance respectful and predictable.

Menstruation and reusable materials

Provide privacy, safe washing water, soap, enough clean absorbent materials and complete drying between uses. Do not store damp cloths or mix clean stock with soiled laundry. Choose supplies around the washing, drying and disposal capacity that actually exists. These needs belong in the main water and laundry budget. [H10, N1]

Infants and children

Support breastfeeding where possible. For infants who need formula, sterile ready-to-feed formula avoids the water-mixing step while supplies last. Powdered formula is not sterile and requires specific preparation and cleaning guidance. Never stretch formula by adding extra water or replace infant feeds with improvised recipes. Plan with skilled feeding support before ready-to-feed stock runs out. The plan must consider breastfeeding or relactation where feasible and the actual availability of safe infant feeds. It cannot assume another delivery. There is no generally safe homemade formula substitute to insert into a survival checklist. [H26]

Keep children away from waste-handling areas, open water containers, hot treatment equipment and sharps. Small children need active help with handwashing and toileting.

Preserve routine healthcare

Keep personal medication lists, allergies and care instructions. Before disruption, ask clinicians to plan interruptions, storage requirements and feasible alternatives for diabetes, lung disease, catheters and other needs. Some medicines and devices have no safe local replacement. Do not abruptly stop or ration prescribed treatment on the basis of a general survival guide. Oral care, adequate food, sleep and assistance with drinking remain daily priorities. They should not disappear when everyone is busy repairing buildings. [H23, H24]

Include clean maternity supplies and access to skilled birth care. Preserve condoms and avoid shared razors, needles or other blood-contaminated items. Illness prevention includes sexual and bloodborne transmission as well as toilets and drinking water. [H21, H39]

A person who becomes ill has not failed the community. In Service-to-Other practice, care and protection continue when someone can no longer perform their usual tasks.

16. Detect a cluster and interrupt it early

Keep a daily illness register to identify shared exposures. Protect private medical details while sharing the practical actions people need to take.

Minimum record for each new illness

• Person's identifier and age group; sleeping area or household.

• Date and time symptoms actually began.

• Main symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, cough, fever, rash or wound problem.

• Shared meals, water batches and relevant animal or floodwater exposure.

• Danger signs, care given, referral and current condition.

• Who checked the person and when the next check is due.

Record symptoms rather than writing a disease name that has not been confirmed. A positive diagnosis, when obtained, should be added separately.

A practical response trigger

For this community plan, one severe case or two plausibly linked similar cases should prompt immediate review. This is a conservative local action rule, not a universal official outbreak definition. A single suspected high-consequence disease also needs urgent professional advice.

Work on care and exposure at the same time

1. Assess danger signs and request clinical or public-health help by the fastest available route.

2. Provide supported separation, safe fluids where appropriate and regular observation.

3. Pause the suspected food or water batch and provide a safe alternative. Do not cut off people's drinking supply without a replacement.

4. Inspect the source, treatment, storage, toilets, shared utensils and staff illness.

5. Contain and clean affected areas. Disinfect where an effective process is available; otherwise restrict access or withdraw affected items. Reinforce the best handwashing method actually available.

6. Follow new cases and revise the suspected explanation when evidence changes.

This sequence adapts WHO surveillance and sanitation-risk principles. Correct an obvious sewage leak or unsafe meal without waiting to identify the organism. [H1, H4]

Avoid spreading illness through the response

Assign caregivers and clean-water workers deliberately. If one person must change roles, provide time and supplies for hand hygiene, removing contaminated protection and changing soiled clothing. Keep visitors out of treatment workspaces while preserving contact with family.

Isolation means separating people who are ill. Quarantine concerns exposed people who are not yet ill. The need and duration depend on the disease; do not invent a universal quarantine period. Avoid punitive exclusion, public blaming and permanent labels.

Afterwards, repair the failed process and record what worked. A temporary fall in symptoms does not prove the cause is controlled.

A proposed community response sequence. Provide care and control exposure in parallel; do not wait for a confirmed diagnosis before seeking urgent help. See Chapter 16.

17. Keep prevention working without resupply

The Aftertime plan cannot end with an inventory of products. ZetaTalk newsletters discuss supplies being exhausted; the community must know which protections it can reproduce and which will be lost. [Z6, Z7]

Three categories for every essential task

Maintain locally: waste containment, protected water storage, drainage, ventilation, separate clean and dirty tools, food covering, drying racks and routines for early illness detection. These still require labour, repairs and materials, but do not depend on a purchased product for each use.

Produce with specific inputs: soap, treated water, washable cloths and some repair parts. Write down the complete dependency chain. Soap needs suitable fat or oil, a controlled alkali supply, water, equipment, skill and usually heat. Water treatment needs fuel or another dependable energy source. Cloth needs washing, drying and eventual replacement. None is automatically unlimited.

Finite or difficult to replace: medicines, vaccines, sterile medical supplies, manufactured respirators, disinfectants, reliable test materials and some seals or filter elements. Use surviving stock correctly and plan the consequences of its loss. Do not describe basic cleaning or improvised equipment as equivalent to the missing medical protection.

Plan the work and its inputs

For each essential routine, identify who does it, the water and fuel it consumes, the tools it needs, and which inputs can actually be renewed locally. Record remaining supplies, but do not make their purchase or continued availability the operating plan. Decide how the task changes when an input cannot be replaced.

Set the action point while there is time to respond. If soap-making inputs take several days to collect and process, start before the last bar. If gloves are almost exhausted, redesign waste handling and reduce unnecessary handling now. If no replacement treatment or protection is possible, reduce or stop the exposure rather than relabelling it safe.

Practical priorities during scarcity

• Protect soap for handwashing around toilets, food and care. Reduce cosmetic washing before essential hygiene.

• Keep safe-water vessels, taps and receiving containers repairable and separate from waste equipment.

• Allocate effective disinfectant to identified contamination risks; do not weaken the working concentration to stretch it.

• Preserve medical supplies for appropriate care, with trained judgement where available.

• Maintain dry storage and a covered place for washing and drying; fuel and labour belong in the same budget.

• Teach at least two people every critical routine, including tasks possible while seated.

These proposed routines reduce demand for scarce products by preventing contamination. They cannot remove every risk.

Plan locally maintainable routines, renewable production and the loss of finite supplies. Proposed planning framework; see Chapter 17.

Soap production: Chapter 17 continued

What the archives add

Troubled Times' Making Soap page and the May 7, 2023 newsletter on Pole Shift Ning discuss making soap from fats and an alkali derived from wood ash. The Ning newsletter also reproduces a warning about the imprecision of traditional strength checks. This supports learning production beforehand, not assuming the first improvised batch will be suitable for skin. [Z9, N5]

Build the skill before depending on it

A usable soap supply requires more than knowing that fat and alkali react. Identify realistic local inputs, a trained maker and a second person who can repeat the process. Practise with a documented method before disruption, keep written batch records and preserve the method's measuring and checking equipment. Changing the fat or the alkali strength changes the process; a single universal ratio is not a dependable recipe.

Plan the workshop separately from food preparation and clean care. It needs suitable dedicated vessels, controlled heating where required, protection for eyes and skin, protected ingredient storage and clean water for immediate flushing after an accidental exposure. Caustic alkalis can cause serious burns and react with unsuitable metals. If the required protection and process control are missing, do not start an improvised caustic batch beside living quarters. [H44]

Check the resources, not just the recipe

Fat and oil: identify a reliable source and its competing use as food. Do not assume waste grease will be plentiful or suitable. Avoid unknown industrial oils and chemically contaminated salvage.

Alkali: bought soap-making alkali is finite. Ash-derived material is variable; it requires a method designed for that material and competent control of its strength. Do not apply a recipe for known-purity sodium hydroxide to an unknown ash solution. Raw lye water is not soap and must not be used as a handwash. [Z9, H44]

Water, fuel and time: include processing, washing equipment, storage and any resting or curing required by the chosen method. No fixed waiting period makes a badly proportioned batch safe. The maker needs a way to assess and reject unsuitable batches before community use.

Tools and protection: keep dedicated measuring tools, suitable containers and protective equipment with the workshop. Loss of these can stop safe production even when the ingredients remain. Store finished soap so that daily use does not waste it into standing water.

This is a production-planning framework, not a soap recipe. The archive establishes a useful survival topic; skin safety and consistent manufacture still have to be demonstrated. Soap can be locally renewable under the right conditions. It should never be treated as an inexhaustible resource.

Ash, sand, vinegar, smoke and plant extracts are not established equivalents to correctly made soap or validated disinfection. Preserve reliable methods instead of turning a supply shortage into a new source of skin injury, contamination or false confidence. When soap is unavailable, use the limited handwashing fallback in Chapter 7 while restoring production.

18. Daily checks and first-week priorities

Adapt this example schedule to the site, population, water supply and skills available.

Every morning

• Ask about new diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cough, rashes and wound problems.

• Check that everyone can obtain drinking water, use the toilet and receive essential care.

• Inspect water containers, taps, treatment equipment and batch labels.

• Refill handwashing stations and inspect toilets for leaks, flies and capacity.

• Check bedding, food stores and shelter surfaces for dampness or mold.

During the day

• Keep raw and clean water equipment separate.

• Prepare food in manageable batches and record any storage failure.

• Remove waste before overflow and keep collection routes clear.

• Dry laundry fully; replace wet clothing and inspect vulnerable skin.

• Respond immediately to spills, a damaged water vessel or serious symptoms.

Every evening

• Confirm safe water and accessible toilets for the night.

• Check ill people and record who will respond if they deteriorate.

• Review days of usable supplies remaining, soap-making inputs, fuel, staffing and unfinished contamination problems.

• Secure food, waste, sharps, chemicals and hot equipment.

First 24 hours after a major disruption

Protect a usable water source, establish treatment and storage, contain feces, provide handwashing and identify urgent injuries or illness. Create a clean care area and a clear communications plan. Do not wait for a permanent building before setting basic hygiene rules.

Days 2-7

Improve drainage, toilet servicing, drying capacity and food protection. Establish the register and work rota, check vulnerable residents, assess which supplies can actually be replenished locally and practice the response to a water failure or diarrheal case. Measure water production rather than assuming the equipment is adequate.

Thereafter

Reassess after rain, ground movement, new arrivals, equipment breakdown or changes in food supply. Inspect waste capacity and contamination routes before expansion. Welcome newcomers with water, facilities and a practical orientation.

A community health system is the work between meals and emergencies: the covered water vessel, dry blanket, usable toilet, checked wound and person who notices a change early. Keeping these routines dependable is one of the most practical expressions of caring for others.

Sources and research notes

This was a targeted review of relevant ZetaTalk original pages, Ning Q&A, GLP entries, newsletters and Pole Shift Ning discussions, using the supplied URL lists and archive indexes. Both spreadsheets were inspected as navigation lists. This is not a claim that every linked archive page was read.

ZetaTalk passages establish the Aftertime context. Public-health references support the operating health measures. Older community suggestions were checked before inclusion; bucket aging, homemade medicines and unrestricted waste reuse were not accepted as validated treatment methods. No outbreak is being predicted for a particular date or location in this guide.

Download the illustrated PDF

ZetaTalk and Pole Shift Ning

Z1. ZetaTalk Q&A, April 16, 2011. Sewage contamination, infectious disease and distillation.
https://www.zetatalk.com/ning/16ap2011.htm

Z2. ZetaTalk Q&A, May 3, 2014. Recycled water and failing infrastructure.
https://www.zetatalk.com/ning/03ma2014.htm

Z3. ZetaTalk: Drizzle. Location-dependent Aftertime dampness.
https://www.zetatalk.com/xtime/x15.htm

Z4. ZetaTalk: Rebirth. Moisture, crop rot and mold.
https://zetatalk.com/poleshft/p02.htm

Z5. GLP chat, June 21, 2008. Human-waste question.
https://www.zetatalk.com/index/zeta459.htm

Z6. ZetaTalk Newsletter 761. Water and survival equipment discussion.
https://www.zetatalk.com/newsletr/issue761.htm

Z7. ZetaTalk Newsletter 972. Salvage and finite water-treatment supplies.
https://www.zetatalk.com/newsletr/issue972.htm

Z8. Increasing Illness as the Pole Shift Approaches. Archive context.
https://www.zetatalk.com/index/blog0712.htm

Z9. Troubled Times: Making Soap. Historical survival material, not a validated skin-safe formulation.
https://www.zetatalk.com/shelter/tshlt05a.htm

N1. Toilets, Waste and Privacy in the Aftertime. Gerard Zwaan.
https://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/toilets-waste-and-privacy...

N2. Water in the Aftertime: A System We Can Build, Repair and Rebuild. Gerard Zwaan.
https://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/water-in-the-aftertime-a-...

N3. Disease outbreaks will increase as per ZetaTalk. Ning archive discussion.
https://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/disease-outbreaks-will-in...

N4. Personal Hygiene and Latrine Building/Use. Historical community suggestions, not a validated compost-treatment protocol.
https://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/personal-hygiene-and-latr...

N5. Pole Shift Ning: ZetaTalk Newsletter, May 7, 2023. Making Soap and limitations of traditional strength checks.
https://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/zetatalk-newsletter-as-of...

Health and operating guidance

H1. WHO: Cholera. Causes, treatment, surveillance and prevention.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

H2. WHO: Humanitarian emergencies. Water quantity, sanitation and health risks.
https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/wat...

H3. WHO technical note 13: Planning for excreta disposal in emergencies.
https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/who-tn...

H4. WHO: Sanitation safety planning, second edition (2022).
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062887

H5. CDC: How to Prevent Norovirus. Handwashing, exclusion, surfaces and laundry.
https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html

H6. WHO: Cholera outbreaks Q&A. Rehydration and danger signs.
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cholera-ou...

H7. CDC: Water treatment when hiking, camping or travelling. Treatment limitations.
https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/prevention/water-treatment-hikin...

H8. CDC: Home Water Treatment Systems. Distillation and volatile chemicals.
https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/about-home-water-treatment...

H9. CDC: How to Make Water Safe in an Emergency. Boiling and treatment limits.
https://www.cdc.gov/water-emergency/about/index.html

H10. CDC: Personal Hygiene During an Emergency.
https://www.cdc.gov/water-emergency/safety/guidelines-for-personal-...

H11. EPA: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home.
https://www.epa.gov/mold/brief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home

H12. WHO: Mycotoxins. Food contamination and prevention.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins

H13. CDC: Ringworm Basics. Prevention and appropriate treatment.
https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/about/

H14. CDC: Preventing Scabies. Contacts and textile handling.
https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/prevention/index.html

H15. CDC: Cleaner Air for Respiratory Virus Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/air-quality.html

H16. CDC: Emergency Wound Care After a Natural Disaster.
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/pdf/woundcare.pdf

H17. CDC: Wound Management to Prevent Tetanus.
https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

H18. CDC: Preventing Leptospirosis after Hurricanes or Flooding.
https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/prevention/index.html

H19. CDC: How to Clean Up After Rodents.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-pets/rodent-control/clean-up.html

H20. WHO: How to Prevent Mosquito Breeding.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/chikungunya/how-to-prevent-mosqui...

H21. WHO: Health-care waste. Segregation, hazards and burning risks.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste

H22. WHO: Emergencies, Management of Dead Bodies.
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/emergencie...

H23. CDC: About Sepsis. Danger signs and urgency.
https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/about/index.html

H24. WHO: Myths and Realities in Disaster Situations. Epidemics, nutrition and community response.
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/emergencie...

H25. WHO/UNICEF: Oral Rehydration Salts, Production of the New ORS. Formulation and 24-hour discard instruction.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/69227/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1p...

H26. CDC: Special Considerations for Infant Feeding in Emergencies.
https://www.cdc.gov/infant-feeding-emergencies-toolkit/php/special-...

H27. WHO: Five Keys to Safer Food poster. Handling and temperatures.
https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/fan_5keys_en%2...

H28. CDC: Home-Canned Foods and Botulism.
https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/prevention/home-canned-foods.html

H29. WHO: Natural Toxins in Food. Poisonous fungi and other natural hazards.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/natural-toxins-in-...

H30. CDC: Mold. Symptoms and vulnerable groups.
https://www.cdc.gov/mold-health/about/index.html

H31. CDC: Mold Clean Up Guidelines and Recommendations.
https://www.cdc.gov/mold-health/about/clean-up.html

H32. CDC: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Basics.
https://www.cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/about/index.html

H33. CDC: About Respiratory Illnesses. Prevention and emergency symptoms.
https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/about/index.html

H34. WHO: Tuberculosis. Symptoms and transmission.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis

H35. WHO: Measles. Transmission, vaccination and risks in emergencies.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

H36. WHO: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-h...

H37. WHO: Rabies. Animal-bite precautions and urgent care.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

H38. Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS: Maintaining Healthy Skin and Pressure Ulcer Prevention.
https://www.gloshospitals.nhs.uk/your-visit/patient-information-lea...

H39. CDC: Preventing HIV. Sexual and blood-exposure precautions.
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/index.html

H40. CDC: Candidiasis Basics. Yeast overgrowth and invasive infection.
https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html

H41. CDC: Preventing Diarrheal Illness After a Disaster.
https://www.cdc.gov/water-emergency/safety/index.html

H42. CDC: Cleaning and Disinfecting with Bleach.
https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/about/cleaning-and-disinfecting-with-bl...

H43. CDC: Hand Hygiene Frequently Asked Questions. Plain soap, water-only fallback and handwashing methods.
https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/faq/index.html

H44. CDC/NIOSH: Sodium Hydroxide. Caustic hazards and incompatible materials.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0565.html

H45. CDC: Masks and Respiratory Viruses Prevention. Different levels of protection.
https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/masks.html